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The Crease of Conflict: Generational, Ambition and Familial Strife on Adiga’s Cricket Pitch

 


The Crease of Conflict: Generational, Ambition and Familial Strife on Adiga’s Cricket Pitch

 

Deepak Singh,

                                                            PhD Research Scholar,

                                                P.G. Department of English,

                                                            B.R.A. Bihar University,

Muzaffarpur, Bihar, India.

&

Dr. Jitendra Kumar Mishra,

Senior Assistant Professor,

Department of English,

L. N. T. College,

Muzaffarpur, Bihar, India.

 

Abstract: ‘Selection Day’ (2016) by Aravind Adiga places cricket at the heart of a compelling story that combines generational conflict, familial pressure, and generational strife in contemporary India. The novel employs cricket not merely as a sport but as a potent metaphor—a sort of arena where individual identities are constructed, destabilized, and sometimes thoroughly disrupted. Central to the narrative is Mohan Kumar, an overbearing father relentlessly intent on moulding his sons into cricketing prodigies. His children, Radha and Manju, find themselves caught in the vice grip of his ambitions, their personal struggles shaped and intensified by the heavy weight of paternal expectations. The result is a nuanced exploration of identity formation under pressure, revealing the complexities inherent in familial dynamics and societal aspirations. This article investigates how Adiga uses cricket as a leitmotif to reflect wider socio-cultural realities, including class mobility, masculinity, and the pursuit of personal freedom in a globalizing India. Through close reading of the novel alongside critical perspectives on sport, postcolonial identity, and familial dynamics, this paper argues that ‘Selection Day’ dramatizes not only the struggles within a single family but also the tensions between tradition and modernity, ambition and individuality, and authority and autonomy. In doing so, it situates Adiga’s narrative within broader conversations about cricket as a cultural text and as a site of both aspiration and anxiety in Indian society.

 

Keywords: Ambition, Familial Conflict, Generational Strife, Postcolonial Identity, Paternal Expectations, Familial Dynamics

Introduction

In the context of postcolonial Indian literature, cricket emerges not merely as a sport but as a potent cultural symbol, embodying themes of colonial legacy, nationalism, social mobility, and the persistent tension between personal aspiration and familial obligation. Aravind Adiga’s ‘Selection Day’ (2016) exemplifies these dynamics, showing the struggles of two brothers, Radha and Manju Kumar, within the broader framework of India’s cricket obsession. Central to the narrative is an intricate family dynamic, shaped profoundly by their father’s overwhelming ambition, which frequently clashes with the sons' own desires for independence and self-definition.

In Adiga’s story, the cricket crease isn’t just part of the game. It becomes a symbol of where family generations clash. Just like cricketers face pressure on the field, the characters struggle with pressure in their own lives. Society pushes them in one direction, family expectations in another, and their personal desires in yet another.

Mohan Kumar, the father, sees cricket as a way to make his sons rich and respected. But instead of supporting them as a caring parent, he tries to control them. He forces his own failed dreams onto them, which crushes their individuality.

Ultimately, the narrative encapsulates a broader, persistent tension within Indian society—between entrenched traditions of parental authority and the emergence of youthful autonomy in an era increasingly shaped by modernity and globalization. Adiga’s ‘Selection Day’ deftly illustrates how the cricket field, and by extension the crease, becomes a symbolic arena for these multifaceted social and intergenerational conflicts to play out. Cricket is not an accidental backdrop in this narrative. Scholars have often remarked on the symbolic role of cricket in South Asian writing, where it functions as a site of cultural negotiation. For instance, Shehan Karunatilaka’s ‘Chinaman: The Legend of Pradeep Mathew’ uses cricket to explore memory, nationhood, and postcolonial identity in Sri Lanka. Similarly, Timeri N. Murari’s ‘The Taliban Cricket Club’ situates the game as an unlikely site of resistance against authoritarian control. Adiga, however, turns inward, uses cricket as a familial battleground rather than a nationalist one. The pitch is less about collective pride than about the private wars waged within households, where ambition becomes both a catalyst for success and a source of rupture.

The father-son relationship in ‘Selection Day’ really shows this kind of break. Mohan Kumar represents a kind of patriarchal power that mixes up being a parent with being in total control. His intense focus points to an authoritarian way of family life. In it, kids end up as tools for their parent’s dreams, not as people shaping their own paths. Radha, the older son, does well at first under Mohan’s guidance. But in the end, he pays a heavy psychological price from all that pressure. Manju, the younger one, handles the tension in his own way. He builds skill in cricket, yet he also feels mixed about the game. Their challenges highlight how ambition ties into personal sense of self, rivalry between brothers, and family affection that turns offensive. These patterns have wider effects that deserve attention. Adiga’s book mirrors the social and economic side of India today. Cricket often looks like a step up for folks on the edges. For many families, it stands for hope, a route out of being poor and into the country’s big picture. Still, that hope carries a price. It involves using young players too hard, holding back their unique traits, and turning kid years into something for sale. By looking at this tough part of cricket, ‘Selection Day’ fits with Adiga’s other writings. Those works keep uncovering the mixed sides of India now. Like how ‘The White Tiger’ digs into the rough under part of growth in money matters, ‘Selection Day’ uncovers the personal toll of drive in a country crazy for cricket. This article will argue that Adiga’s use of cricket as a leitmotif in ‘Selection Day’ serves to illuminate three interwoven conflicts: the generational divide between father and sons, the familial strife that arises from coercive ambition, and the broader cultural pressures that define identity in contemporary India. To unpack these conflicts, the paper first reviews relevant critical literature on Adiga and on cricket as metaphor in postcolonial narratives. It then proceeds to analyse how ambition, generational authority, and familial relationships are dramatized in the novel, drawing attention to key scenes and character trajectories. The discussion section situates Adiga’s narrative within larger socio-cultural frameworks, examining how cricket serves as both opportunity and constraint in Indian society. The conclusion reflects on the significance of ‘Selection Day’ as part of Adiga’s work and as a contribution to the study of sport and literature.

In short, cricket in ‘Selection Day’ is not merely a sport but a symbolic crease where lives are shaped, ambitions collide, and identities are contested. By examining this metaphorical terrain, this article demonstrates how Adiga’s novel offers profound insights into the human costs of ambition and the enduring complexities of familial relationships in a changing India.

Literature Review

The reception of Aravind Adiga’s ‘Selection Day’ (2016) has been marked by recognition of its dual concerns: cricket as a cultural metaphor and the family as a site of conflict. While Adiga is best known for ‘The White Tiger’ (2008), which won the Man Booker Prize for its unflinching portrayal of India’s economic divide, his subsequent works—including ‘Last Man in Tower’ (2011) and ‘Selection Day’—have continued to interrogate the interplay of aspiration, morality, and the contradictions of modern India. Scholars and critics have underscored that although ‘Selection Day’ is ostensibly about cricket, its real subject is the tension between ambition and individuality within the family and society (Chatterjee 67).

Cricket as a Cultural Metaphor

Cricket has long held symbolic weight in South Asian literature, emerging as a cultural field where colonial history, nationalism, and individual aspiration converge. As Ramachandra Guha notes in ‘A Corner of a Foreign Field’, cricket in India is not merely a sport but a mirror to the nation (Guha 12). It embodies the legacy of colonial imposition and the subsequent appropriation of the game as a site of Indian pride and identity. In literature, this duality has made cricket a fertile ground for exploring questions of class, culture, and modernity.

In ‘Selection Day’, cricket serves less as nationalist metaphor and more as a metaphorical “crease” of personal ambition and familial struggle. Critics such as Rajendra Singh argue that Adiga departs from earlier cricket novels by focusing on “the private, domestic stakes of cricket rather than its nationalistic or communal resonance” (Singh 89). While novels like Shehan Karunatilaka’s ‘Chinaman: The Legend of Pradeep Mathew’ (2010) and Timeri N. Murari’s ‘The Taliban Cricket Club’ (2012) situate cricket within discourses of nationhood and resistance, Adiga turns his lens inward, revealing how the sport can also function as an oppressive structure within family life.

Adiga’s Narrative Concerns

Adiga’s fiction consistently interrogates the promises and pitfalls of modern Indian society. ‘The White Tiger’ exposed the moral compromises demanded by economic ambition, while ‘Last Man in Tower’ dramatized the ethical conflicts of Mumbai’s real estate boom. Critics such as John Walsh have observed that ‘Selection Day’ continues this trajectory by “relocating the great Indian dream from the business sector to the cricket field” (Walsh 103). This shift is crucial because cricket, more than any other sport, represents both the aspirations of India’s poor and the global commodification of Indian talent.

Moreover, Adiga’s style of narration, marked by sharp irony and moral ambiguity, lends itself to the critique of ambition. As Sangeeta Datta argues, “Adiga uses satire not to dismiss ambition but to expose the costs it imposes—on relationships, identities, and moral clarity” (Datta 55). In ‘Selection Day’, this cost is borne most heavily by the Kumar family, where the father’s obsession with cricketing success erodes the psychological well-being of his sons.

Family, Ambition, and Generational Conflict

One of the most prominent scholarly concerns in studies of ‘Selection Day’ has been its portrayal of the family as a site of generational conflict. Mohan Kumar, the father, embodies a model of authoritarian parenting that is deeply rooted in both traditional patriarchy and modern ambition. Scholars such as Neha Raval have argued that Mohan’s character illustrates “the paradox of parental love that becomes indistinguishable from coercion” (Raval 77). His determination to make Radha and Manju cricket stars is driven by a genuine desire to lift them from poverty, yet it simultaneously reduces them to mere extensions of his will.

This tension resonates with wider discussions of generational authority in South Asian families, where parental aspirations often clash with children’s individual desires. In his analysis of postcolonial Indian fiction, Anjali Gera Roy notes that “the family is frequently a crucible of conflict, where tradition, modernity, and globalization collide” (Roy 128). ‘Selection Day’ exemplifies this pattern by dramatizing how Mohan’s rigid vision for his sons fails to account for their personal identities—Radha’s struggle with pressure and Manju’s uncertainty toward cricket.

Sibling rivalry further complicates the family dynamic in the novel. Radha, the elder son, is initially groomed as the “chosen one,” but the emergence of Manju’s talent destabilizes familial hierarchies. Scholars such as Aparna Dharwadkar argue that this rivalry reflects “the competitive individualism that neoliberal India imposes even within the private sphere of family” (Dharwadkar 141). Cricket, in this context, functions both as a ladder of opportunity and as a wedge that divides siblings and generations.

The Dark Side of Ambition in Indian Cricket

While cricket is often celebrated as India’s great unifier, critics have also highlighted its darker undercurrents: corruption, commercialization, and the exploitation of young talent. As Boria Majumdar and Nalin Mehta point out in ‘Selling of an Untamed Sport’, cricket has increasingly become “a commercial enterprise where the dreams of millions are packaged, sold, and consumed” (Majumdar and Mehta 34). Adiga’s ‘Selection Day’ dramatizes this reality by portraying how children from marginalized backgrounds are transformed into commodities by ambitious parents, predatory coaches, and corporate sponsors.

Manju’s ambivalence toward cricket underscores this exploitation. Though naturally talented, he often questions whether the sport is truly his calling or merely a role imposed upon him. His conflict echoes broader concerns in sports sociology, where young athletes are pressured into professionalization before they can fully form independent identities. Scholars such as Ashis Nandy have long argued that cricket in South Asia is a “colonial sport domesticated to Indian soil but still marked by anxieties of discipline, conformity, and performance” (Nandy 45). ‘Selection Day’ brings this anxiety into the private world of the family, showing how ambition can warp love into coercion.

 

 

Positioning ‘Selection Day’ within Postcolonial Cricket Literature

In situating ‘Selection Day’ within the canon of cricket literature, it is clear that Adiga diverges from traditional nationalist narratives. While Karunatilaka’s ‘Chinaman’ uses cricket as a metaphor for postcolonial memory and Murari’s ‘The Taliban Cricket Club’ deploys it as a tool of resistance, Adiga treats cricket as a metaphor for the intimate struggles of family life. As Rajeev Bhargava notes, “Adiga provincializes cricket, stripping it of its nationalist grandeur and revealing it as another arena where the ordinary Indian battles with ambition, identity, and survival” (Bhargava 98).

This repositioning makes ‘Selection Day’ a unique contribution to both sports literature and postcolonial studies. It challenges the reader to see cricket not only as a field of national glory but also as a microcosm of familial ambition, sibling rivalry, and generational conflict.

Thematic Analysis

Cricket as a Metaphor of Ambition

In ‘Selection Day’, cricket is not simply a sport—it is a metaphorical stage on which ambition, control, and selfhood are contested. For Mohan Kumar, the father of Radha and Manju, cricket is imagined as a pathway to upward mobility, a ticket to rise above poverty and obscurity. His obsession reflects the broader cultural phenomenon in India where cricket functions as a “dream factory,” manufacturing hope for millions who see in the sport an escape from social and economic constraints.

Mohan’s fixation with cricket illustrates how ambition, when untemper by empathy, can turn destructive. He sees Radha and Manju not as children with unique identities but as instruments of his dream. This obsessive ambition mirrors what psychologists call “projective parenting,” where parents attempt to live out their unfulfilled desires through their children. The metaphor of cricket thus dramatizes a larger reality of Indian society, where children are often burdened by parental expectations that are less about their personal happiness and more about family prestige or survival.

The metaphor extends further. The rules and structures of cricket—its strict discipline, its reliance on statistics, and its binary of success or failure—mirror the unforgiving nature of ambition. Just as a batsman is judged by runs scored or wickets lost, Mohan measures his sons’ worth through performance alone. Cricket becomes not only an opportunity but also a prison, trapping Radha and Manju in a world where every mistake is magnified and every success is claimed by the father.

Generation Gap and Familial Strife

Perhaps the most poignant conflict in ‘Selection Day’ is the generational divide between Mohan and his sons. Mohan represents an older worldview, one forged by struggle, scarcity, and the patriarchal assumption of control. For him, authority is absolute, and children are expected to obey without question. His sons, however, are growing up in a rapidly globalizing India, where individual choice and personal freedom are increasingly emphasized. The clash between Mohan’s authoritarianism and his children’s search for autonomy creates a fracture that defines the novel.

Radha, the elder son, initially aligns with Mohan’s expectations. Trained to be the “chosen one,” he internalizes the pressure to succeed. But his trajectory demonstrates the psychological cost of such pressure: the fear of failure, the erosion of joy, and the collapse of identity outside the sport. His breakdown underscores how paternal authority, when rooted in coercion, can destroy rather than nurture ambition.

Manju, in contrast, represents resistance. While naturally talented, he does not fully embrace cricket. His ambivalence reveals his desire to carve a path outside his father’s vision. Yet resistance is not easy; it comes with guilt, fear, and the constant negotiation of familial love versus personal freedom. The strife between father and sons reflects a broader generational conflict in Indian families, where younger members increasingly challenge the hierarchies of tradition.

Adiga captures this tension with remarkable subtlety, showing how love and coercion can become indistinguishable. Mohan genuinely believes he is working for his sons’ good, but his methods strip them of agency. This ambiguity makes the conflict compelling: it is not a battle between love and hate, but between different interpretations of love—one rooted in control, the other in freedom.

Class Mobility and Cultural Conflict

Underlying the familial struggles of ‘Selection Day’ is the broader socio-economic reality of contemporary India. Cricket, as scholars such as Ramachandra Guha and Boria Majumdar have noted, has become a ladder of social mobility for those from modest backgrounds. Success on the pitch can transform lives, turning young boys from the slums into national heroes. This promise fuels Mohan’s obsession and explains why he sees cricket as the only viable path for his sons.

Yet this promise is double-edged. For every young player who ascends to fame, countless others are discarded by the system. Adiga exposes this ruthless underside of Indian cricket, where talent is co-modified and failure is punished harshly. Radha and Manju’s struggles thus become representative of thousands of aspiring cricketers who shoulder immense pressure with little guarantee of success.

The novel also reflects cultural conflict. Mohan’s dream is rooted in a traditional patriarchal framework where the father dictates the children’s futures. But the world of cricket is globalized, commercialized, and driven by market forces. When coaches, sponsors, and scouts enter the story, they complicate the dynamics of control. The boys are no longer just Mohan’s; they are products in a larger industry. This collision of traditional authority with modern commodification highlights the tensions of a rapidly changing India.

Adiga also hints at the ways cricket symbolizes India’s own cultural anxieties. Once a colonial import, cricket has been fully appropriated and reimagined by India. Yet its increasing commercialization—through leagues, endorsements, and television—raises questions about authenticity and exploitation. The Kumar family’s story becomes a microcosm of this cultural anxiety, where the dream of cricket is both empowering and suffocating.

Identity, Masculinity, and Freedom

A central theme of ‘Selection Day’ is identity: who Radha and Manju are beyond the cricket pitch. The novel raises the question of whether selfhood can survive under the weight of imposed ambition. For Radha, identity collapses entirely under pressure. For Manju, identity becomes a battleground where cricket, family, and personal desires compete for dominance.

Cricket also intersects with masculinity in the novel. Mohan’s authoritarian parenting is deeply gendered, rooted in the belief that sons must embody strength, discipline, and success. His obsession reflects a patriarchal view of masculinity as performance—measured not in emotional well-being but in public achievement. Failure in cricket, therefore, is equated with failure as a man. This equation is internalized by Radha, whose struggles suggest the psychological dangers of equating identity with performance.

Manju’s resistance also challenges this model of masculinity. His ambivalence toward cricket and his exploration of alternative desires (including his complex relationship with Javed Ansari) suggest a redefinition of masculinity that values vulnerability, choice, and individuality. In this sense, ‘Selection Day’ does not merely depict conflict but opens space for reimagining what it means to be a son, a brother, and a man in modern India.

Freedom, finally, emerges as the novel’s deepest concern. Cricket promises freedom from poverty but imposes new chains of discipline and control. Family promises love but becomes a source of suffocation. Adiga dramatizes the painful negotiation between external expectations and internal desires. The crease, in this metaphorical sense, becomes a space not only of conflict but also of possibility, where the boundaries of identity, ambition, and freedom are tested.

Discussion

The analysis of ‘Selection Day’ demonstrates that Aravind Adiga is less concerned with cricket as spectacle than with cricket as a metaphorical field of struggle. The sport becomes a symbol of ambition’s promise and peril, a ground where fathers project their dreams, sons resist or comply, and families fracture under pressure. In this sense, Adiga’s novel extends beyond the boundaries of sport literature and enters the realm of social critique.

What distinguishes ‘Selection Day’ from other cricket novels is its intimate focus on the family. While Shehan Karunatilaka’s ‘Chinaman: The Legend of Pradeep Mathew’ situates cricket within the discourse of national memory and Timeri N. Murari’s ‘The Taliban Cricket Club’ employs the game as a metaphor of political resistance, Adiga strips cricket of its grandeur. Instead, he presents it as another mechanism of power, one that can liberate or imprison depending on how it is wielded. For Mohan, cricket is liberation from poverty; for his sons, it risks becoming a prison that confines their identities.

This shift in focus reflects broader trends in postcolonial Indian literature, where attention has moved from collective struggles of nationalism to the private, interior struggles of individuals and families navigating modernity. The novel dramatizes how the promises of globalization—wealth, opportunity, fame—filter into the private sphere, reshaping relationships and identities. Mohan’s obsession with cricket is inseparable from the neoliberal dream of turning talent into capital. His sons, however, remind us that human beings are more than their market value.

The sibling dynamic in the novel further complicates the metaphor of ambition. Radha and Manju are not simply rivals; they are mirrors of each other, each reflecting different responses to paternal control. Radha’s collapse under pressure illustrates the destructive force of coercive ambition, while Manju’s resistance represents the possibility of carving an identity beyond familial expectations. Their relationship reflects the way neoliberal societies often pit siblings, peers, and even communities against one another in the race for success. Cricket, as Adiga portrays it, is not just a sport but a mechanism of competition that permeates all levels of life.

Another critical element of the novel is its exploration of masculinity. Mohan’s authoritarian fatherhood reflects a patriarchal view that equates masculinity with success, discipline, and obedience. The novel critiques this model by showing its psychological costs—alienation, breakdown, and estrangement. Manju’s ambiguous journey challenges traditional gender norms by emphasizing vulnerability, ambivalence, and the right to resist paternal scripts. In doing so, ‘Selection Day’ reimagines masculinity as something fluid and contested rather than rigid and prescriptive.

By connecting the microcosm of the Kumar family with the macrocosm of Indian society, Adiga underscores a paradox: ambition is both empowering and destructive. Cricket provides the possibility of transcendence, but it also co-modifies talent, turning children into products for the consumption of the nation and the market. This duality is not limited to sport; it reflects the broader contradictions of modern India, where globalization creates opportunities while deepening inequalities.

 

 

Conclusion

‘Selection Day’ is more than a novel about cricket. It is a novel about the human costs of ambition, the fractures of generational conflict, and the intimate wars waged within the family. Adiga uses the metaphor of the cricket crease to dramatize how lives are shaped and tested under pressure. Mohan’s obsession with his sons’ success embodies a paradoxical love that blurs into coercion, reflecting broader patterns of patriarchal authority in Indian families. Radha and Manju’s struggles embody the difficult negotiation between duty and freedom, tradition and modernity, performance and identity.

In its portrayal of cricket as both ladder and cage, ‘Selection Day’ aligns with Adiga’s larger literary project: the exposure of India’s contradictions. Just as ‘The White Tiger’ revealed the costs of economic ambition and ‘Last Man in Tower’ explored the ethical compromises of urban development, ‘Selection Day’ illuminates the price of parental obsession and societal expectation. It reminds us that success, when pursued at the expense of individuality and freedom, can become another form of bondage.

By situating cricket within the private sphere of the family, Adiga expands the horizons of sports literature. He shows that cricket is not only about national pride or colonial memory but also about the daily struggles of ordinary families trying to survive in a competitive world. The crease, then, is not just a line on the cricket pitch; it is a symbolic boundary where generations confront each other, ambitions collide, and identities are forged or broken.

Ultimately, ‘Selection Day’ is a novel of both critique and possibility. It critiques the destructive forces of coercive ambition, but it also gestures toward the possibility of self-definition beyond imposed roles. Manju’s resistance, however fraught, suggests that individuals can claim the right to define their futures. In this way, Adiga’s novel speaks not only to the Indian context but also to universal questions of freedom, identity, and the costs of ambition.

The analysis of ‘Selection Day’ demonstrates that Aravind Adiga is less concerned with cricket as spectacle than with cricket as a metaphorical field of struggle. The sport becomes a symbol of ambition’s promise and peril, a ground where fathers project their dreams, sons resist or comply, and families fracture under pressure. In this sense, Adiga’s novel extends beyond the boundaries of sport literature and enters the realm of social critique.

What distinguishes ‘Selection Day’ from other cricket novels is its intimate focus on the family. While Shehan Karunatilaka’s ‘Chinaman: The Legend of Pradeep Mathew’ situates cricket within the discourse of national memory and Timeri N. Murari’s ‘The Taliban Cricket Club’ employs the game as a metaphor of political resistance, Adiga strips cricket of its grandeur. Instead, he presents it as another mechanism of power, one that can liberate or imprison depending on how it is wielded. For Mohan, cricket is liberation from poverty; for his sons, it risks becoming a prison that confines their identities.

This shift in focus reflects broader trends in postcolonial Indian literature, where attention has moved from collective struggles of nationalism to the private, interior struggles of individuals and families navigating modernity. The novel dramatizes how the promises of globalization—wealth, opportunity, fame—filter into the private sphere, reshaping relationships and identities. Mohan’s obsession with cricket is inseparable from the neoliberal dream of turning talent into capital. His sons, however, remind us that human beings are more than their market value.

The sibling dynamic in the novel further complicates the metaphor of ambition. Radha and Manju are not simply rivals; they are mirrors of each other, each reflecting different responses to paternal control. Radha’s collapse under pressure illustrates the destructive force of coercive ambition, while Manju’s resistance represents the possibility of carving an identity beyond familial expectations. Their relationship reflects the way neoliberal societies often pit siblings, peers, and even communities against one another in the race for success. Cricket, as Adiga portrays it, is not just a sport but a mechanism of competition that permeates all levels of life.

Another critical element of the novel is its exploration of masculinity. Mohan’s authoritarian fatherhood reflects a patriarchal view that equates masculinity with success, discipline, and obedience. The novel critiques this model by showing its psychological costs—alienation, breakdown, and estrangement. Manju’s ambiguous journey challenges traditional gender norms by emphasizing vulnerability, ambivalence, and the right to resist paternal scripts. In doing so, ‘Selection Day’ reimagines masculinity as something fluid and contested rather than rigid and prescriptive.

By connecting the microcosm of the Kumar family with the macrocosm of Indian society, Adiga underscores a paradox: ambition is both empowering and destructive. Cricket provides the possibility of transcendence, but it also modifies talent, turning children into products for the consumption of the nation and the market. This duality is not limited to sport; it reflects the broader contradictions of modern India, where globalization creates opportunities while deepening inequalities.

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